Retraction policy

Grounds for Retraction: an article may be retracted in the following cases: confirmed instances of plagiarism, self-plagiarism, or data falsification/fabrication; submission of the article without the consent of all co-authors or disputes regarding authorship; duplicate submission or redundant publication in another journal; significant errors in content affecting the validity of the conclusions; violations of research ethics (e.g., lack of approval from an ethics committee, use of unethical research methods); infringement of third-party rights, including copyright or breaches of confidentiality.

A retraction review may be initiated by the editorial board, authors, reviewers, readers, or any interested party through official communication with the editorial office.

The editorial board conducts an internal investigation and, if necessary, involves experts, authors, and representatives of relevant institutions.

If violations are confirmed, the editorial board makes a formal decision to retract the article.

An official retraction notice is published in the journal, clearly stating the reasons and circumstances for the retraction. The notice is linked to the original article in the journal's electronic archive.

All electronic versions of the article (PDF, HTML) remain accessible but are clearly marked with the label "RETRACTED" on each page.

Retraction is not a form of punishment, but a mechanism for preserving academic integrity.

Authors have the right to submit an explanation or appeal, which will be reviewed by the editorial board.

The editorial board follows the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines when handling such cases.